However, a practical maximum limit is set to f o as it is inversely proportional to crystal’s thickness and its quality factor where the latter should ideally be maximized. It is important to note that Equations (1) and (2) indicate an increase in the measurement sensitivity as a function of ( f o).
Finally, specific design considerations of high-temperature microbalance systems (e.g., GaPO 4 crystals (GCM) and Langasite crystals (LCM)) are introduced, while assessing their overall system performance, stability and quality compared to conventional low-temperature applications. In addition, some theoretical improvements and recommendations are introduced for adequate systems implementation. The aforementioned methods are discussed in detail and qualitatively compared in terms of their performance for various applications. Namely, impedance-based analysis, oscillators (conventional and lock-in based techniques), exponential decay methods and the emerging phase-mass based characterization. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the various existing QCM electronic interfacing systems. Many techniques were developed over time to cover the expanding measurement requirements (e.g., accommodating highly-damping environments). That is, selecting the appropriate electronic circuit is vital for accurate sensor measurements.
This trend has been matched by the parallel advancement in tailored electronic interfacing systems for QCM sensors. Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) sensors are actively being implemented in various fields due to their compatibility with different operating conditions in gaseous/liquid mediums for a wide range of measurements.
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